Embossing is a printing process that results in a raised image on the skin. People have been processing animal skins since ancient times. However, the method appeared relatively recently.
There are several ways to do embossing:
- Mechanical - stamping with special installations.
- Handmade - the product is unique.
Decorated with embossing:
- shoes;
- bags;
- business card holders;
- wallets;
- upholstery leather for upholstered furniture;
- covering picture frames, etc.
This method is used to apply initials, ornaments, graphic symbols, drawings, etc.
Process Features:
- gives the surface additional volume;
- allows you to emphasize certain details in a special way;
- hides material defects: unevenness, micro-scratches, stains, etc.
As you know, any additional processing (especially manual) increases the cost of the product. Therefore, if a person is faced with the task of purchasing leather products for car interior trim or door trim, embossing will only make the purchase more expensive. Few people agree to overpay. However, when purchasing bags, shoes or accessories, they usually do not spare money.
Causes and levels of skin dehydration
The problem of skin dehydration depends on the level of the problem:
Surface breach of barriers
Reasons: when using the wrong/too aggressive cleanser, or due to one-time aggressive environmental influences (frost, cold wind, sunburn).
- It feels like a feeling of tightness and discomfort.
- Normally, self-recovery of the skin occurs within a few hours.
For quick recovery, products containing hyaluronic acid, urea and glycerin will help.
Breaking deep barriers
Causes : occurs with prolonged/regular exposure to external aggressive factors, skin diseases, allergic reactions, an unbalanced diet and changes in hormonal levels.
- In addition to the feeling of tightness, there is visual irritation, redness of the skin, and peeling. The skin is sensitive to the products applied.
- Requires special skin care.
Products that restore the functioning of aquaporins to restore the amount of moisture inside the cells (skin turgor).
Properties
- Goatskin is very durable. Stronger than standard thickness cattle material.
- Waterproof. Goat leather products are suitable for rainy weather, unlike the skins of other animals.
- Goat skin makes high-quality shoes. Goat boots wear out after a long period of time. There are fat capsules in the skin of a goat. They allow the material to stretch and return to its original state.
- Goat leather products breathe. The fabric allows air and steam to pass through well. Wearing such clothes is warm and comfortable.
- Ease. Fur coats and sheepskin coats made from goatskin are worn easily and comfortably.
Dehydrated facial skin what happens inside the skin
Skin dehydration - the external manifestations of this process are familiar to most people. And what exactly skin structures are disturbed and what external agents should act on in order to eliminate the problem of skin dehydration.
Several structures are responsible for moisturizing the skin and maintaining its water balance:
1. Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) - located in the upper layers of the epidermis and works like a sponge, attracting water molecules.
It is a combination of several substances, for example: lactic acid, urea, pyroglutamic acid and amino acids .
When the structure of NUF or is incompetent, the skin becomes dry and flaky; with a constant lack of NUF, the skin ages faster and wrinkles appear earlier.
2. Hydration of the cells themselves - maintaining their turgor is provided by Aquaporins - protein channels in the membranes (walls) of cells through which water transport occurs.
Aquaporins decrease with age and are destroyed by exposure to sunlight. Their functionality is also affected by the state of the cell membranes themselves.
Normally, cell membranes must maintain a state of fluidity, which ensures normal hydration of cells and saturation with necessary substances.
In older people and with a protein diet, the cell membrane becomes rigid (hard), and there are disturbances in osmotic processes.
If skin turgor (cellular hydration) is disturbed, the skin looks atonic, lacks firmness and elasticity, there is an emphasized pattern, and subsequently dry wrinkles.
3. Hydration of the dermis - provided by hyaluronic acid and GAGs of the dermis. Moisture comes from blood vessels and binds to form the intercellular substance of the dermis.
Many specialists, faced with dry and dehydrated skin, mistakenly prescribe injectable hyaluronic acid. As a rule, the reason is in a completely different layer of the skin and correction is necessary at the epidermis level.
Types of leather by type of raw material used
Cattle hide (cattle) – calfskin.
Calfskin is considered the highest quality and most valuable leather. It is used to make shoes, clothing, belts, accessories, furniture upholstery and is an affordable and popular material for making bags. Calfskin is smooth, soft, durable, does not break or form cracks on its surface. Production includes chrome and vegetable tanning. Calfskin bags are very elegant and do not wear out for a long time.
Calfskin, depending on the age of the animal, is divided into the following types:
1. Slime – the skin of unborn calves. Skin thickness is from 1.0 to 1.4 mm.
2. Opoek - skin of calves up to 6 months that are breastfed. Soft, delicate, elastic, it is considered the most valuable leather. Skin thickness is from 0.5 to 1.4 mm.
3. Outgrowth - the skin of calves up to one year old, eating plant foods. The skin is less elastic and soft than the skin. Skin thickness is from 0.7 to 1.6 mm.
4. Half-leather – skin of calves under 1.5 years of age. The leather is tougher and can be sawed. Skin thickness is from 1.0 to 3.0 mm.
5. Cow and bull – the skin of a young bull (up to 5.00 mm thick), cow (from 1.2 to 4.0 mm thick). The leather is sawed.
6. Bull and buffalo - the skin of bulls. It is the thickest and heaviest among cattle skins, has a rough and loose structure. The heaviest and thickest is buffalo leather. Due to their thickness and strength, such leathers have a long service life, but they are rarely used in production.
Sheep and goat skins.
Goatskin is a durable, soft and thin material with a beautiful grain.
1. Chevreau (from the French “chevreau” - kid) - leather made from the skins of kids up to 6 months old. It is considered one of the most expensive lame tanned leathers. Very beautiful, dense, elastic chevro leather has a strong structure with an original pattern on the front side in the form of small wrinkles. Used for shoe uppers (including children's), haberdashery, clothing, furniture upholstery.
2. Goat leather – goat skin made from an adult goat.
3. Chevrette - leather made from sheep skins by lame tanning. The pattern of the mere is similar to chevro. Used for shoe uppers, clothing and haberdashery.
Pork skin.
Pigskin is the most economical and unpresentable type of leather; it differs in appearance and structure from the skins of cattle. Pigskin is now mainly used as a lining material and rarely as a base material. This is due to the fact that pig skin is not elastic enough, gets wet quickly, has a rough and hard surface, and also has a persistent odor. In addition, it is not strong enough, and the ugly perforated texture in the product does not look interesting.
Horse skin.
Horse hides are not often used in leather goods production; they are divided into 2 types:
1. Foal - the skin of dairy foals is a valuable material. Used for the manufacture of luxury products.
2. Foal foal - the skin of foals that ate plant foods.
Deer skin.
Deer leather is a very elastic leather, has high strength and heat protection.
The most common material used to make deerskin is suede. Used for the production of gloves, briefcases, bags, wallets. The warmest gloves are made from deer leather.
How to tell if your skin is dehydrated or dry
Dry and dehydrated facial skin - these two concepts are so consonant that they are sometimes incorrectly used in speech even by specialists. However, the etiology of these conditions is completely different and different products are also needed for dry and dehydrated facial skin.
Test:
Do a simple test: take a cosmetic paper napkin and blot clean facial skin with it.
The napkin remained almost dry and without greasy stains - you have dry skin.
Are there greasy stains on the napkins and at the same time there is a feeling of dryness and tightness of the skin? – dehydrated skin.
Dry skin is a normal variant, one of the skin types when a small amount of sebum is produced. dehydrated ; characteristic signs are the appearance of peeling, redness and increased sensitivity.
Tool used
The following tools are used for work:
- sets of impressions, stamps and cliches;
- rotary knife with attachments of different shapes and sizes;
- nylon hammer with minimal impact upon impact: the tool does not damage the dies;
- wooden or plastic styluses - tools designed to extrude contours on the skin;
- wheel markers - for drawing relief lines and markings;
- sets of needle files with different profiles for making, adjusting and finishing dies;
- wooden base - must be perfectly level;
- a soft sponge, the task of which is to wet and soften the skin immediately before starting the main work.
Each embossing method also involves the use of stencils with images. Can be applied to any skin type. However, not each of them is able to ensure the stability of the relief.
Embossing is the art of creating a unique relief image. It can cover the entire surface of the skin or individual areas.
Our specialists will perform embossing on leather products[/anchor] professionally and at the best price. If the number of items to complete the image is less than 100 pieces with a minimum order of 10 pieces, the work will be done within 3-5 days.
What to look for when buying leather products?
An inexperienced buyer pays attention only to the appearance of the product, he likes it - and that’s it. But it happens that technological errors in leather processing also occur. It was poorly tanned, poorly pressed, and poorly applied primer. This product will not last long.
A discerning buyer will definitely pay attention to what the reverse side looks like - bakhtarma. From it you can immediately judge the level of leather treatment: it should be smooth, even, well and evenly dyed. And only then he looks at the face - is it natural or skillfully polished.
Be careful when choosing a leather product and it will please you for a long time.
Opoek
A common material for light clothing and footwear. The material for feeding is the skins of young calves up to 1 year old, which fed exclusively on milk. The skin of such animals is very delicate, elastic and soft, but at the same time strong. The collar stretches well, has a pronounced measure, is resistant to deformation, and therefore is excellent for making shoes. When finishing the moldings, it acquires a very beautiful appearance. Also, such leather can serve as a material for the manufacture of other types, such as velor or nappa.
Chevrette
Chrome-tanned leather from young sheepskin obtained from semi-fine and fine-wool sheep breeds. It is similar to chevro, but more viscous and soft. A considerable number of women's shoes are made from this leather. The structure of chevret is loose, so the mechanical strength has to be increased by treatment with polymers and other chemicals. substances. Chevret is often used to make haberdashery and is also popular in the outerwear industry. This leather is soft and stretches easily. Durable and non-ductile chevrette, which is more suitable for the shoe industry, is made from the skins of coarse-wool sheep of the steppe and Russian breeds.
Nubuck
Nubuck is a chrome-tanned leather that is produced by sanding the grain of the leather with fine abrasives to give it a refined appearance. The process of this treatment turns the smooth surface of the skin into soft and velvety. Nubuck has a soft, almost imperceptible pile, it is very wear-resistant, has excellent breathability - the skin “breathes” in shoes and clothes made of nubuck. One of the subtypes of nubuck is oiled nubuck. This is leather that, after sanding, is impregnated with a special oil-based substance. Oiled nubuck has a slightly oily surface, an “antique” look, and is not afraid of water.
Suede
patent leather
Most often, such leather is used in the production of dress shoes, both women's and men's. Patent leather varies greatly in quality. Good patent leather made in Italy will never be scratched by a fingernail, even if the leather itself is soft, it can withstand repeated bending, stretches like natural leather, leaving the varnish coating unharmed, and is not afraid of frost or heat. Patent leather produced in China or South Africa, as a rule, is easily scratched by a fingernail, and the varnish layer bursts with slight stretching and bending. In Russia, it is almost impossible to find Italian-made patent leather, as it is very expensive.
Smooth skin
Leather repair
Repair of leather, leather products and leather furniture, especially expensive exclusive models, should be carried out by professionals. Cheap synthetic materials commonly used for repairs, such as liquid leather, can permanently ruin your product.
In the process of using leather products, paint falls off and scuffs appear. In this case, you need to treat these places with creams of the appropriate color and then wipe them thoroughly with a brush or rag. If after such treatment the abrasions do not disappear, then it is better to seek professional help.
To prevent you from needing repairs to your favorite leather items, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the rules for caring for leather goods and leather bags.
