Origin story
This dense and durable fabric has been known since the Middle Ages. It was used to make durable and inexpensive clothing for the poor. And for noble ladies, she sewed corsets and even shoes - fabric shoes. The second lesser-known name for this fabric is coutil, which is translated from French as “mattress”.
In Russia, this fabric was called “trapeza”: after the surname of the Zatrapeznov merchants, the founders of the linen manufactory in Yaroslavl at the beginning of the 18th century. It was used to make work suits and simple household items: rough shirts and trousers.
When is the word “woven” written?
If there are dependent words in a sentence, the passive participle is used, which conveys the attribute by the action of the verb “weave”. For example: woven by whom?, when?, for how long?
Example sentences
Here are some examples:
- The carpet, woven for several days, turned out to be large and colorful. It was hard to believe that this was made by human hands.
- A product woven with love and bright thoughts will definitely bring good luck to your home.
- Towels woven once upon a time by my grandmother brought back memories of my distant childhood.
- They say that towels woven on this special day brought the betrothed to the girl that same year.
- Songs, like canvases woven from words and thoughts, make you think about the past.
Fabric composition and its properties
Teak is still made only from natural threads - linen and cotton, sometimes hemp.
The fabric is produced in two weaving methods:
- Twill - with a characteristic diagonal hem. The front and back sides differ in design.
- Linen - with a flat and smooth surface without clearly defined front and back sides.
The fabric intended for making bed covers is additionally impregnated with special compounds to reduce permeability. After which the material becomes harder and more rustling.
This fabric has the following properties:
Density
Wear resistance
Durability
Hypoallergenic
Hygroscopicity
What are technical fabrics
Each type of technical fabric has its own function and special purpose. They can be made entirely from natural raw materials, as well as from synthetics, mineral or mixed composition.
Concept of technical fabrics
The material is classified by density and weaving method. The main advantage is given to linen fabrics. They have increased resistance to mechanical damage, chemical and thermal effects. This fabric is durable and wear-resistant.
The purpose and properties of the material are determined depending on the characteristics of the fabric composition.
Types of technical fabrics
Advantages and disadvantages
The fabric has the following advantages:
- environmental friendliness;
- high strength;
- holds its shape well;
- low creasing;
- durability;
- high breathability;
- hypoallergenic;
- small price.
There are also disadvantages:
- due to its high density, the fabric is difficult to sew and requires experience in working with it;
- has a high degree of moisture absorption. Therefore, teak products require regular drying.
Standards and GOSTs
All technical fabrics are produced on the basis of documentation standards established by GOSTs. Canvases are assigned special numbers that indicate the presence of certain properties. This is an important aspect in production, since it is the article numbers that determine the area of application of the material.
Most often, technical canvases have no analogues; each type has its own technical features. The production of fibers with lower characteristics is not allowed.
The production of various types of technical fabrics is a wide industry. The manufactured material is used in various fields, from construction to medicine.
What standards are used in manufacturing
The fabric manufacturing standards are prescribed in “GOST 7701-93 Cotton and mixed teak”.
Namely:
- linear dimensions and surface density - according to GOST 3811;
- number of threads per 10 cm - according to GOST 3812;
- breaking load - according to GOST 3813;
- change in dimensions after wet processing - according to GOST 8710;
- resistance to abrasion along the plane - according to GOST 18976;
- degree of whiteness - according to GOST 18054;
- mass fraction of chemical fibers for mixed teaks and degree of mercerization - according to GOST 25617;
- color fastness - according to GOST 9733.0;
- air permeability - according to GOST 12088.
In terms of artistic and aesthetic indicators, finished teaks must correspond to standard samples approved in accordance with the requirements of GOST 15.007.
Varieties
Types of technical fabrics and their classification depend on the composition and purpose. They can be fireproof, filtering, thermal insulating. Often the same material is used for multiple functions. In this regard, the most complete classification can be obtained only on the basis of the composition of the material.
Basalt
Basalt fabrics are produced from twisted basalt threads, which are divided according to the type of weaving into plain, twill and satin. Rocks are used for production.
The material is characterized by the following properties:
- non-toxic;
- environmental friendliness;
- low degree of thermal conductivity;
- very high melting point;
- resistance to alkaline environments, decomposition, rotting, mold and mildew.
Due to its properties, fabric is often used in the construction industry as a thermal insulation material. It is relevant for manufacturers of thermal equipment and aircraft manufacturing.
Fabric can be intended as a reinforcing material, but this is only possible in cases where strength is needed but lightness is required. The heat resistance of basalt makes it possible to use the fabric as special curtains for welding; it is used to make protection for walls located near furnaces and boilers. Basalt material is suitable for the manufacture of wastewater and gas purification filters.
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Basalt fabric
Silica
Silica fabrics are made from natural quartz. They can be satin or linen according to the type of weaving. The main properties of the material are:
- environmental friendliness;
- thermal and electrical insulation;
- resistance to acids and alkalis, ultraviolet rays, mold and fungi;
- The fabric can withstand temperatures above 1000 degrees for a long time. At the same time, all its properties will be preserved in full;
- The operating range of silica material is greater than that of basalt material.
The fabric is actively used for insulation from high temperatures, production of protective equipment against fires and radiation.
Silica material
Asbestos
Industrial fabrics made from asbestos threads are called asbestos fabric. This is a harsh, wear-resistant material with thermal insulation properties. The operating temperature reaches 500 degrees.
The material is used both in the industrial sector and in the manufacture of workwear. It is used to make cushioning cuffs and rings, membranes, and cushioning fabrics. When sewing workwear, it is added to protect against elevated temperatures. The main use of the fabric is in firefighter suits.
Asbestos fiber
Glass
Glass fiber is made from several types of filaments. They are resistant to moisture, acids and alkalis. When making special thin fiberglass, the production uses a coating using a special paraffin-based lubricant. Glass fiber is used for pipe insulation.
It is important to pay attention ! The downside is the low level of abrasion resistance. Because of this, during operation it is necessary to additionally protect the material with rubber fiber.
Fiberglass fabric in rolls
Polyester
Plain weave technology produces high-strength polyester fibers. Awnings are made from this fabric. The material is abrasion-resistant, durable, tear-resistant, and does not oxidize. It is used as artificial leather for the production of industrial filters.
Rags
One of the types of fabrics that, due to their soft properties and excellent absorbency, can be used in various fields is rags. It can be made of cotton or terry. Main purpose as a cleaning material. It absorbs oils, dirt, and paints well. The rags are suitable for use in auto repair shops as they are effectively used for cleaning mechanical parts.
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One type of rag is considered to be netkol. This is a canvas intended for household and technical use. Most often it is used for wet cleaning and floor washing.
Using rags
Tarpaulin
Tarpaulin has found its use in various industries. The technical description for the fabric characterizes it as a water-repellent, fire-resistant material. The fabric may vary in density.
Most often, rubberized tarpaulin is used for sewing protective clothing, covering fabric, raincoats, mittens, and shoes. It consists of linen, synthetics and cotton, which are impregnated with special compounds.
Canvas
Nylon
Technical nylon fabric is durable and has a smooth surface. Nylon is made from synthetic polyamide fiber. There is production of transparent or milky fabric. In terms of properties, transparent fabric is considered the most durable. The strength of nylon is several times higher than that of silk.
The main properties are:
- tensile strength, the fiber does not tear, quickly returns to its original shape;
- products made from nylon fabric do not wrinkle;
- the material is very light;
- it is resistant to abrasion and deformation;
- does not deteriorate from bending or twisting;
- easy to care for.
Important ! The disadvantages include low light resistance and the ability to become electrified.
Nylon fabric is used to make curtains, clothing, and decorative items. There is technical cloth that is used in many industries.
Nylon fabric
Suede
Technical suede is intended for the manufacture of any type of shoes, leather haberdashery, and elements for musical instruments. Suede material is made from the skins of deer, goats, and sheep. Technical fabric in rolls is produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST. It has no lint and is great for polishing and wiping. Suede leaves no marks or scratches on the surface and absorbs moisture well.
Suede
Gauze
Gauze is known to many as a material used for medical purposes. The fabric is woven from low-fat cotton yarn.
Technical gauze has the following properties:
- transparency, lightness;
- environmental friendliness;
- possibility of sterilization;
- absence of impurities during production;
- hypoallergenic.
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Strict requirements apply to the production of gauze, since it comes into contact with open wounds. The canvases are subject to careful control. This is necessary to exclude the presence of dangerous chemical impurities in the fibers.
Technical gauze
Velvet, corduroy, plush (fabrics with pile)
If these fabrics have an artificial composition, then there is no need to decate them. If the composition is mixed or natural, steam the fabric through a wet iron, folding it with the right side inward. Ironing should be done on a soft surface without pressing the material. You can use vertical steaming.
Auxiliary materials
It's not just fabric that needs to be treated! If you use lining , be sure to follow the same procedure with it as with the main fabric.
Woven- cushioning materials also require pre-treatment. Soak them in lukewarm water, then wrap them in a towel to remove excess moisture, and then dry them by carefully laying them out or hanging them. The braid and fabric for pockets should also be pre-decorated.
Materials with a non-woven base (non-woven fabric, synthetic padding, etc.), as well as adhesive-based hems, do not need to be decated.
Unknown material
If you don't know the exact composition of the fabric you want to sew something from, try the following test.
Decate a pre-measured piece (for example, 10x10 cm) in warm water, and then, after ironing, measure it again. If the size has not changed, then your material is most likely synthetic and does not need to be decatified. Shrinkage of the sample means that the entire fabric needs to be decanted, but if the size of the sample has increased, you may have fine wool on your hands, items from which need to be dry cleaned.
What does Modern Weaving look like?
Each master has his own materials, special techniques and colors. Some create huge canvases, others work with miniatures. Craftsmen around the world have one thing in common – the desire to create beauty with their own hands.
Crossing Threads' layered canvases are created by sisters Lauren and Cassandra. Their studio is located in Sydney, Australia. The girls' works are distinguished by a large number of textures, making the tapestries voluminous and interesting.
Exquisite FibrousATX miniatures are the work of Elena from Austin, Texas, USA. In 2014, the girl became interested in an unusual hobby. Now this is her full-time job. Like many, Elena started with wall panels, but then switched to miniatures: earrings, pendants, clutches.
Experimenting with UnrulyEdges bulky yarn. Melissa Washin lives in New York City, but her work has flown all over the world. The girl loves experimenting with bulky yarn and gradients.
MandiSmethells is another interesting project in which classic weaving has given way to bright rainbow motifs. This is a good example of how one can and should depart from the canons.
The discreet gradient fabrics of wednesdayweaving are a prime example of the fact that beauty lies even in the simplest forms.
MadebyMalandro's works demonstrate all the most popular weaving techniques.
Such wall decorations are ideally combined with modern interiors, as well as Scandi and boho furnishings.
To find even more inspiration, look for the work of craftswomen on Instagram using the following hashtags: #weaving, #wovenart, #wallhanging. To see the works of craftswomen from Russia, use the hashtag #weavingrussia.
What tools and materials will be needed?
For their work, craftswomen use a simplified version of the loom. You can buy it or make it yourself. There are two main types of machines: a standard rectangular frame and a round one.
Rectangular frame:
Round frame:
The most commonly used is rectangular. The set includes:
- The frame onto which the warp threads are pulled.
- Needles of different sizes - they simplify the movement of yarn between the warp threads.
- Shuttle for thread alignment.
- A comb that helps to carefully push in new rows.
The size of the frame depends on the desired size of the product.
You can buy the frame and weaving tools on Etsy, as well as from Russian craftswomen: Sveta from nitochki_weaving, Nastya from loomy.sunday or Yuliana from novolovoloom.
The main material for weaving is yarn and threads of various thicknesses, textures and colors. Interesting tapestries are made from bulky yarn, cotton cords and twine.
