Rubberized fabric: description, production technology, application

The Indians were the first to use rubberized fabric for clothing, shoes and household items. They simply dipped things in the resin of the rubber tree and left them to dry for several hours.

In the 18th century, the natural material came to Europe, where it began to be used for the production of waterproof products. And a century and a half later, the American inventor Charles Goodyear came up with a vulcanization technology that allowed rubber to maintain high performance properties at any temperature.

Use of polyamide materials

Polyamides have a wide range of applications. The main areas of use of the material are as follows.

Light and textile industry. In this manufacturing industry, polyamide serves as a raw material for the production of artificial nylon and nylon fabrics, carpet, rugs, synthetic fur and yarn, stockings, knee-highs, socks, and tights. Polyamide fiber is also produced as an independent product.
Production of rubber products (RTI). Polyamide is used to make rubberized cord fabrics, ropes, filter fillers, conveyor belts, and fishing nets.
Construction. The material is used for the manufacture of pipelines and shut-off and control valves. Concrete, wooden surfaces and ceramics are coated with polyamide to give them antiseptic properties. Used as an anti-corrosion coating for metal structures, adhesives and paints.
Mechanical engineering. The polymer is used for the production of various bushings, rollers, shock absorbers, silent blocks, inserts, anti-vibration pads and similar products.
Food industry. Polyamide is a material that allows contact with food products, therefore it is used for the production of containers, containers for drinking liquids and other containers designed for storing and transporting food products.
Medicine. Polymer is used to produce artificial vessels and veins, implants, prostheses and other substitutes for human organs. Polyamide fabrics and threads are used for suturing after surgical operations.

Sewing in a seal using tape

In order to reduce the thickness along the connecting seams, the seam allowances of the seal are replaced with tape made of a lightweight fabric such as organdy. If you use this option, then there will be no need to sew heavy caulking to the seam line by hand. Instead of thin fabric, you can use a light sealant.

Cut the seal according to the selvedge pattern piece. Mark a border line on the pattern, 3 cm away from the neckline and inner edge. Cut the paper hem pattern along the border line. Similarly, cut the undercut facing piece of the back neckline.
From the organdy, cut out the bindings using the 3 cm wide cut piece of the pattern. Connect them along the seam lines with a slight allowance. Take a chalk and draw a line along the length of the organdy tape, 1/2 inch from the inside edge.
On all parts of the sealant, draw a line with chalk, 1.5 cm from the inner edge. Then, where necessary, connect the parts of the seal by overlapping and stitching with a zigzag seam.
On the right side, trim the seal seam allowances as close to the zigzag stitch as possible. Turn the seal inside out and cut off the other seam allowances. Cut the seal along a line drawn 1.5 cm from the inner edge.
Place the outer edge of the organdy tape over the inside edge of the seal so that the edge of the seal lines up with the chalk line drawn on the organdy tape. Pin across. Zigzag stitch the organdie to the seal.
Place the sealant on the edge or shelf of the product and pin it together. Using a machine, stitch the seal and fabric along the chalk line drawn on the organdy tape, and cut off the seam allowances. Next, trim the organdy seam allowance as close to the seam line as possible.

Varieties and modifications

The modern chemical industry produces various types and modifications of polyamide materials:

The most numerous is the group of aliphatic polyamides, which in turn consists of several subgroups (crystallizing homopolymers, crystallizing copolymers and amorphous polymers).
A very common group is aromatic and semi-aromatic polyamides (PAA), which includes crystallizing polyphthalamide compounds and some amorphous substances, such as polyamide-6-3-T.
The third well-known group is glass-filled polyamides. Substances in this group are also called composite modified polyamides and consist of a binder resin filled with glass beads and structured fibers.

On the industrial materials market, polyamides are found under the following trademarks and names: Basf Ultramid, Basf Capron, Ultralon, Lanxess Durethan, DSM Akulon, Rochling Sustamid, Ertalon, Nylatron, Tekamid and others. The variety of commercial names hides polymers and polyamide fiber from the groups listed above.

Heavy seal lap joint

With this connection, a rougher but more durable dart is obtained. Mark the dart lines. Then make a straight cut along the center line of the dart.
Place the cut edges one on top of the other and pin them across. Sew in a zigzag pattern along the dart joining line. Cut the seal on both sides.

Waterproof and water-repellent fabric - types and properties

People have tried many different materials in an attempt to protect themselves from moisture, rain and snow. Thick fabrics, leather, rubber and other natural materials provide good protection in bad weather, but they have their drawbacks. Currently, synthetic water-repellent materials are increasingly used, and natural fabrics are subjected to additional processing.

Natural materials

The first truly water-repellent and waterproof fabric was invented by Charles Mackintosh. Thick woolen fabric was impregnated with rubber. The material did not allow water to pass through, but was very heavy. Over time, the quality of rubberized fabric has improved significantly. Now expensive raincoats are made from it, the model of which is called “Mackintosh” in honor of the English inventor.

For mass production of clothing, tents, bags, workwear and much more, materials of mixed composition are used. They combine natural fibers with artificially created ones, and the surface is treated with a water-repellent coating. Cotton and nylon are most often combined. Blended fabrics are usually produced using plain weave. They do not require special care and have increased wear resistance.

Synthetic materials

Membrane materials are the most popular among fabrics with waterproof properties. They do not allow moisture to pass through and at the same time have good breathability. The membrane is made of polymers and can vary greatly in quality and characteristics. In addition, polyester and polyamide (nylon and nylon) protect from bad weather conditions.

Types of waterproof materials:

Taslan Hi Pora. Durable raincoat membrane fabric. Removes sweat and does not allow water to pass through thanks to the porous coating on the inner surface.
Taslan WR, PU. Low hygroscopicity, resistance to ultraviolet radiation and mechanical stress, high breathability.
Oxford. Made from polyester or nylon. Coverage and density depend on the purpose of the fabric.
Taffeta. Wear- and deformation-resistant fabric made from lavsan, polyester or nylon. Depending on the coating, it has enhanced water- and dirt-repellent properties and provides protection from wind and frost.
Dewspo. Lightweight polyester material with good breathability.
Acrylic. Resistant to moisture and sunlight. May have a mixed composition.
Gore-Tex. A porous membrane material used in combination with polyester or nylon.
Tyvek. A thin and light porous material resembling a film. Used for tents and equipment.

The protective properties depend on the fabric fibers, density, the presence of special threads and the type of coating. All these characteristics, including water repellency, must be indicated in the labeling of the product or material. But understanding abbreviations can be difficult. What do the mysterious letters and numbers on the label mean?

The density of the material is designated DEN or D and depends on the thickness of the thread. With D from 150 to 420, the fabric is used for sewing outerwear, tourist and hunting equipment. With a density from 420 to 600 - for shoes, bags and suitcases. The higher the density, the higher the water resistance of the fabric.

Weaving density and strength are indicated by the letter T (Tech). The higher this indicator, the denser the fabric will be and the better it will protect from bad weather.

R/S (RIPSTOP) denotes a type of weave with a thick fiber frame. It not only increases the waterproof properties, but also increases the strength of the material.

Types of moisture-proof coatings:

PU - polyurethane impregnation of the internal surface. The numbers following this abbreviation indicate the degree of protection against water or water resistance in mmHg. At PU up to 1500 the fabric is non-waterproof, at 3000 it will withstand any precipitation.
PU milky is an impregnation that enhances the rigidity of the fabric. It makes the material less transparent.
PU/SI - polyurethane coating reinforced with silicone, can be applied to the front or back side. This increases the strength of the fabric and prevents moisture from accumulating in the fibers.
PA - polyamide coating. Almost no air passes through.
WR (DWR) - water-repellent impregnation applied to the front surface of the fabric. Thanks to this treatment, drops of water simply roll down the material and are not absorbed. Used for sewing extreme clothing, tents and travel equipment. Requires special care and is washed off after prolonged use.
PVC - rubberized coating on the reverse side. Fabric treated with it is absolutely waterproof and resistant to fire and chemicals. Used for workwear and extreme equipment.

The waterproof properties of any item depend not only on the characteristics and quality of the fabric, but also on the treatment of the seams. If they are not glued, moisture will penetrate inside through the needle punctures. It is best if a layer of silicone or other water-repellent compound is applied to the seams.

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What is tarpaulin

Tarpaulin is a heavy, tough fabric that is tear resistant. Manufacturing occurs by weaving fibers from cotton, flax or jute. They are impregnated with a special composition that prevents the fabric from rotting, giving it different properties. Produced according to GOST 15530-93.

The history of the appearance of tarpaulin fabric can be traced back to the advent of sailing ships that used canvas. Later they began to use impregnations. Tents, raincoats, and awnings for weapons were sewn from the resulting material. The production of waterproof overalls for sailors and fire-resistant clothing for firefighters began.

Tarpaulin fabric is produced in different densities, which can be from 380 g/m2 to 680 g/m2, which must be indicated in the labeling.

Large tarpaulin manufacturers in Russia:

"Empire of Fabric" in Ivanovo;
In Nizhniy Novgorod;
"Vladimir Textile" - Vladimir;
"BMK-textile" - Balashikha;
"Fabrics-TEX" - Ivanovo.

To watch a program about fabric:

Advantages and disadvantages of asbestos fabric

Fabric with asbestos, which has unique properties, is widely used almost all over the world - in some countries its use is prohibited: it is believed that dust spreading from the material can cause cancer. According to the latest data, harm to health can only be caused by inhaling a significant amount of it. In any case, when working with asbestos fabric, you must follow safety precautions.

Advantages:

uniqueness: there are no high-quality artificial analogues;
heat resistance: resistance to fire without loss of original properties;
strength and wear resistance;
durability: warranty for products with viscose and cotton composition - 5 years, with lavsan - 10 years;
relatively low cost.

Flaws:

fibrogenic: due to inhalation of dust in large quantities.

Materials replacing asbestos fabrics lag behind the original in many respects. Therefore, it is better to use a natural product that is colored white, grey, yellow or natural. Thus, the properties remain the same and dust emissions are reduced to a minimum.

How to properly care for rubberized items

Products made from rubberized fabric are quite easy to care for. The following rules must be observed:

Remove ordinary dirt using a sponge (rag, napkin), water and soap solution. Do not wash things in the machine, do not spin them.
Wipe off heavy stains with water and a small amount of ammonia. Do not use gasoline, kerosene, acetone or other aggressive solvents.
Protect the material from exposure to sharp objects. In case of a puncture, do not sew up the holes yourself, but send the product for repair.

There are separate rules for inflatable items. For example, when drying a rubber boat, it is recommended to periodically bleed the air, otherwise it may burst.

Application areas of asbestos fabric

Materials containing asbestos have high performance characteristics and are therefore used in a variety of fields. Using such fabrics, slate, fire-resistant products, and pipelines are produced. They are used to make protective clothing, including for firefighters, and create electrical and thermal insulation. They are also used as:

additives to cement to increase strength;
anti-friction brake elements;
technical ingredients in the production of pebbles;
filler in plastics and resins;
binder component for asphalt pavement;
material resistant to acidic compounds;
multifunctional filters.

In addition, asbestos fabric is used to create asbestos textile laminate, rubberized material, cuffs and gaskets. Some fabrics are used in aviation, metallurgy and even in the food industry.

Technical purpose

Rubberized fabric for technical needs is used in the production of inflatable things - waterproof suits, for equipment, medical products. They combine increased strength, water resistance, resistance to low temperatures and resistance to detergents.

Balloon materials will be the most important type of fabric for technical purposes. They are mainly used for the shells of balloons, airships and stratospheric balloons. In the creation of balloon products, only strict rules are used in terms of control and systematic laboratory testing.

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Such rules are prescribed in the technical specifications for balloon products, which determine low gas permeability, low weight and high strength.

Impregnating aerosol

In many industrial enterprises where work involves welding, machine tools and other dangerous equipment, rubberized suits and shoes are used. This helps avoid accidents, such as chips bouncing off the metal during cutting and landing on the suit rather than on the person's bare hands. It can leave deep scars, so it is better for the suit to be damaged than for the person to be injured.

Using the most popular brands

Each brand of asbestos material, having individual technical and operational characteristics, has specific application features.

AT-1S, AT-4 are used to create packings, sleeves, asbestos-textile laminates, and heat-insulating gaskets.
AT-5 – for strengthening insulation in heat engines.
AT-1S – for the production of rubberized fabric.
AT-2 and AT-3 – for the manufacture of special equipment and compaction of heat-insulating boards.
AT-6 – for diaphragms required for electrolysis: the operating temperature in this case is up to +100°C.
AT-7, AT-8 – for thermal insulation and cushioning products.
AT-7, AT-13 – for gasket and heat insulator: withstands temperatures up to +400°C.
AT-9 – for thermal insulation.
AT-16 – for diaphragms for conventional water electrolysis.
AST-1 – for thermal insulation of surfaces with heating temperatures up to +500°C.

Since asbestos-containing dust has a fibrogenic effect, the lungs are most vulnerable when working with asbestos fabric. They, first of all, must be protected by a respirator from pathogenic aerosols. The maximum single concentration of dust in the air should not exceed 2 mg/m3, while the monthly average should be up to 0.5 mg/m3.

Heavy gasket butt joint

Mark the dart lines with basting, tailor's chalk, or a special marking wheel and carbon paper. Cut out the inner triangle of the dart along the marked lines.
Cut a strip of support fabric or lightweight sealant. Place it under the dart, aligning the edges in the center of the strip. Baste and machine stitch 3mm from the edges. Remove the basting.