Let's study lining fabrics: types, descriptions

Author: Anton Potashev

The foot breathes perfectly and feels incredibly comfortable if Felpa is used in shoes. What it is, however, not everyone knows. This is not the most common material in footwear due to its significant cost. But the buyer’s efforts and material costs will be rewarded a hundredfold.

§ 3. Backdrop

The heel is the part of the bottom inserted between the top and the lining of the workpiece in its heel part (Fig. 74). The heel serves to form a heel socket, which must be arranged so that the movements of the heel are not constrained, but also so that it cannot move towards the rear edge of the insole.

Thanks to the heel, the shoes gain stability and retain their shape; In addition, the heel protects the heel of the foot from impacts and mechanical influences from the outside.

For the shoe to be comfortable, the heel must be flexible and slightly yield to the pressure exerted on it by the foot, but when the pressure is removed, it must return to its original shape, corresponding to the shape of the heel of the last. These requirements are met by backdrops made of leather, shoe granite, cardboard and other materials.

For hand-made welt shoes, backs made of sole or insole leather are used. The leather used for the backdrop should be easy to process, i.e. It is good to go down (cut) and glass. Leathers that are difficult to shear (untanned, weak, too hard or brittle) are not suitable for making backdrops.

There are single-layer and two-layer backdrops. The latter consists of hard and soft layers. A single-layer heel should have a thickness: for men's and boys' shoes - 2.75 mm, for women's and girls' shoes - 2.5 mm, for children's shoes - 2.3 mm; For a two-layer backdrop, the thickness of the hard layer is 3–3.5 mm, for the soft layer it is 2–2.5 mm.

The heel should be stable, the greatest stability should be at the bottom, in the place where the heel meets the insole.

The height of the backdrop is measured along the center line without the tightening edge; it must have the value indicated in the table. 6.

Table 6

Heel height for shoes of different numbers

The width of the tightening edge of the backdrop is 15 mm. The length of the heel in shoes with low heels is 80 - 90% of the length of the insole, and in shoes with high heels it is 100 - 105%.

What it is

Familiarity with the technology of processing hides will allow you to more accurately understand what split leather is. The thickness of the semi-finished product ranges from 4 to 8 mm. Such raw materials are inconvenient to sew, so they cut them into layers. The operation of separating (layering) the skin on a special machine is called sanding. Split leather material is the inner, second (sometimes third) layer of leather obtained after cutting. It belongs to the pile variety; after processing, its appearance and characteristics resemble suede.

The number of final leather layers depends on the initial thickness of the skin and ranges from 3 to 6 pieces; more often, three layers of leather are obtained from one skin. In a professional environment, only the upper (facial) cut, which preserves the natural appearance, is called natural leather. The second layer following it was called middle split leather, the third - melon leather.

The middle split layer is used in shoe, furniture and haberdashery production. Its characteristics are inferior in quality to grain leather, so the raw materials are additionally processed. One of the sides (it is then used as the top) is coated with a polymer composition and then pressed. The resulting coating, smooth or embossed, is similar in appearance to grain leather.

What is bike in shoes: the use of bike in shoes.

844 Article author: Reading time: 2 min.

Soft, warm flannelette fabric has been familiar to many since childhood. This material is used to make blankets, winter blankets, clothes for children and adults, and is also used as a lining for clothes. But besides this, due to its performance characteristics, the bike is also used as a lining for shoes.

Definition of a tale

Reference! Flannelette fabric is a pleasant-to-touch material with a dense structure and soft pile, produced by plain or twill weaving of cotton, wool or wool blend thread.

It is thanks to the special method of weaving the threads that this type of material has a characteristic dense structure.

The practical flannelette fabric, which appeared in the everyday life of the Russian people at the beginning of the 18th century, was originally woolen and had a coffee tint.

Composition of the bike

Previously, this type of material was produced only from wool fibers. But the price of natural flannelette fabric made from wool was too high. Subsequently, cotton threads began to be added to the composition of such fabric. After this, the material began to differ not only in its high consumer qualities, but also in its reasonable price.

Important! Synthetic threads and viscose are sometimes added to the composition of such fabric to reduce the cost of the fabric.

It must be taken into account that such additives significantly reduce the heat-protective and hygienic properties of such a material. In addition, the lint of unnatural fabrics rolls off very quickly.

Bike production

Fabric of this type, just coming out of the loom (harshness), does not have a particularly attractive appearance. For this reason, this material is subsequently subjected to additional processing, which includes:

• thorough cleaning;
• plain coloring;
• printing a drawing;
• final finishing.

This allows you to end up with a fabric with a one-and-a-half-layer weave and double-sided brushing. The weave can be finely patterned or large patterned. It depends on the threads used as weft.

Advantages of the bike

The main advantages of this material include the following:

• high thermal insulation;
• hypoallergenic;
• strength (not afraid of moisture and tolerates temperature changes);
• wear resistance and long service life;
• reasonable cost;
• no need for special care (if necessary, clean and dry at room temperature).

Important! Such fabric cannot be dried on radiators or heaters. If you have limited time, you can use a hairdryer, but it is not recommended to abuse this method.

The use of flannel in shoes

Shoe flannel is a soft and fairly dense fabric with a small combed pile on both sides. A lining made of such fabric has high performance characteristics and is used as a practical insulation for demi-season shoes.

Boots or boots lined with flannelette will keep your feet well warm both in early spring and late autumn.

Such shoes will also be an excellent option for mild cold weather, when shoes with leather lining are no longer warm enough, and models with fur or wool lining are still too hot.

Tips for choosing shoes with fleece inside

It is recommended to purchase shoes with such a lining for the long transitional season, when the temperature does not yet rise above 10°C. When choosing shoes with this type of lining, it is recommended to pay attention to the density of the material. A high-quality bike should have thick pile and a dense structure. The lining should not have a strong specific odor, and no traces of paint should remain on the hands.

Shoes with flannelette lining are most often chosen by people who value warmth and comfort and prefer natural fabrics. Due to its reasonable price, such shoes are available to a wide range of buyers.

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Pressed leather

A separate type of material in shoe production is the so-called “pressed leather”. It is obtained by pressing waste from the leather industry. The crushed pieces of leather are held together with filler and stamped into sheets. Despite the partial use of natural ingredients, pressed leather is an artificial material. This leather does not have the characteristics of natural leather.

It should be noted that modern technologies have reached a level where it is impossible to distinguish artificial leather and pressed leather from genuine leather with complete confidence. If you have doubts about the naturalness of the material, it is better to refuse the purchase.

What to look for when buying lining fabric in bulk?

When choosing lining fabric, pay attention to the series, especially when buying a large volume in bulk. It should have a fine, good texture, match the color and harmonize with the main fabric. It is advisable to choose a color that matches the main material in order to completely hide the wrong side. When sewing a large number of similar clothes, it is better to buy lining fabric in rolls in bulk. This way you can reduce the cost of finished products and increase profits.

Characteristics of split leather and shoes made from this material

Natural split leather is indeed used to make workwear, but not because it is super strong or durable. It is simply cheap and fireproof, and with the help of additional impregnations - PVC or polyurethane - it can be made even stronger and more resistant to aggressive environments.

This shoe material is loose, heavy, and porous. It has a rough, slightly fleecy surface. On the one hand, it’s good - the legs “breathe.” On the other hand, not very well - the base quickly absorbs moisture and dries slowly. Split leather, of course, is more reliable than suede, but is significantly inferior to grain leather.

To give the split leather a presentable appearance, it is polished and rolled under a hot press, which reduces the strength and elasticity of the leather by 1.5-2 times. So you shouldn’t take a pair one size smaller and hope that when you wear it, it will stretch by 1-3 mm.

Atlas

Smooth, even fabric with a glossy silky surface - satin. This fabric is used to sew wardrobe items, make furniture upholstery and household textiles (curtains, bedding sets).

Satin is sometimes used as a lining

Satin was invented in China because the material was originally made from pure silk, which was not known in other parts of the world. Even today, when synthetics, viscose and cotton are used to make fabrics, satin remains a premium material.

The special glossy texture of the front side is obtained because during weaving, a large number of warp threads go around the weft. The fabric seems to be embroidered with microscopic satin stitch and therefore glides pleasantly.

• density and smoothness;
• dimensional stability;
• wear resistance and strength;
• attractive appearance;
• safety and hygiene;
• the material is not electrified.

Satin is used as a lining for the following things:

• jackets, coats, fur coats;
• lining of men's suits;
• bags, wallets;
• gloves;
• curtains.

It is believed that satin is inferior to pure cotton and viscose as a lining - it is a delicate material, and also quite heavy. In addition, the fabric absorbs both moisture and dirt well, so it requires careful handling. Also among the disadvantages is the high price of the material.

Satin lining can be plain, decorated with prints, or with printed color designs.

What is felpa in shoes?

Felpa (from the Italian “felpa” - sweatshirt, flannel) in shoes is a type of knitwear that is used as an insulating lining inside. Apart from this use, felpa is also used in the production of insoles. Products made from this material can rarely be found on store shelves. This is due to the fact that they are very expensive. And not everyone can afford to purchase a product of this class.

Features of the material

Felpa's homeland is Italy. Felpa is an absolutely natural fabric; it is made from cotton. The material has excellent air permeability, high softness and the ability to retain heat for a long time. The softness of the fabric is close to velvet to the touch. The combination of these characteristics creates maximum comfort when wearing products made from Felpa.

The material is durable and has a special weave. The threads are firmly fixed and do not unravel. The density of this fabric is the thickest among other types of knitwear. Felpa is convenient for various types of decorative processing, such as: perforation, painting in several layers, applying printed designs and other methods.

Wear resistance and other wear parameters

Felpa is a fairly unpretentious fabric and has high wear resistance. There are no special rules for caring for this material. If the material is contaminated, it can be dry cleaned. Products made using Felpa almost never leak. At the same time, shoes with such an insole or insulation will effectively retain heat for a long time.

However, despite its ability to retain heat, felpa insulation is not the best option for Russian winters. The material will not be able to provide a sufficient level of heat in cold weather. If you still decide to buy winter shoes with insulation made from this fabric, then do not forget to wear warm woolen socks when trying them on, which will help you not freeze in winter. Considering the Russian climate, the use of felpa is most appropriate in autumn shoes.

Felpa care rules

Felpa is a fairly unpretentious breed and does not require any supernatural care conditions. The basic rules for achieving maximum service life are as follows:

• During washing, you can add a little alkaline cleaning agent to the water;
• Treatment with soapy water at a temperature of 35-40 degrees is also allowed;
• Felp clothing is machine washable. If there is a “Delicate Mode” function, then you need to enable it. It also doesn’t hurt to use a quality fabric softener;
• It is acceptable to use stain removers;
• If the washing machine has the ability to dry clothes, then you should not abuse this function. The felpa should dry naturally;
• In case of heavy dirt and stubborn stains, you can soak the clothes for a day;
• Ironing is allowed only for completely dry items. If this rule is not followed, the thermal insulation properties of the material will decline;
• Dry cleaning possible;
• In general, shoe products originally from Southern Europe almost never leak, but you shouldn’t be too zealous about walking through mud and puddles. Even the highest quality products have a threshold of exposure. Do not forget that repairing expensive shoes can cost several thousand rubles.

Genuine Leather

The first thing any buyer needs to learn to do is learn to distinguish genuine leather from its many substitutes. We all know that genuine leather is, in the past, the untreated skin of some animal. It can be smooth (snake, fish, crocodile, etc.), or it can also have hair (pork, calf, etc.). During treatment, the hair is removed, but the pores still remain. It is by the appearance of the pores that you can determine who once owned your favorite pair of shoes.

In shoe production, the skins of only three animals are mainly used: pig, goat and calf (bull). Let's look at each type more closely.

Calfskin is the strongest and thickest of all listed. Its thickness on average is 1.8-2.5 mm. On the surface of such skin there are many small, closely spaced pores. Unfortunately, the skins of cows often contain many small defects that they received during life from insect bites. Despite this, calf leather can make a durable and beautiful shoe to wear even in the harshest weather conditions.

Pigskin is more common and cheaper than calfskin. The pores are quite large and sparsely located. Pigskin leather is hygroscopic, but loses its original shape in a humid environment. In general, it is worse in use than calfskin, so it is ideal for unimportant and inexpensive elements, such as insoles, lining, tops, and various appliqués on the product.

Goat skin has a beautiful texture and few defects. Often used for the production of fashionable women's shoes. However, shoes made from such leather have one significant drawback: they are very thin (only 0.8-1.5 mm). For this reason, goatskin shoes are not durable and require care and attention. But it is ideal for non-critical elements, for example, the tops of women's boots.

Genuine leather can be smooth, patent leather or with pile (suede, velor). The varnished surface is more water resistant, but is very susceptible to mechanical damage. With proper care, suede can retain its presentation for a long time and is not afraid of scratches, but dirt is not easy to remove from it. Suede shoes are ideal for pointed-toed shoes.

High profile

This is an option for those who like a classic cut or have problem feet that need maximum protection. These futsal shoes are usually heavier and more massive, but they are extremely comfortable and safe to play in. Of course, you need to get used to this type of shoe, because after using lightweight models they will feel different on your feet, but believe me, over time you will adapt and feel all the benefits of a thick sole, which reduces leg fatigue, protects joints and correctly distributes loads.

Prominent representatives of such futsal shoes will be:

1. Munich Continental, and many top models of this brand
2. Kelme Trueno Sala 2.0
3. Mizuno Morelia

Now you will have an idea of ​​which sole is best to choose for your feet, since your health, ease of play and the level of fatigue you will feel after each workout depend on this factor.

Types of softshells

Time passed, and even the most ardent fans of the idea of ​​​​creating a universal fabric “for all occasions” realized that humanity was not yet capable of this. Modern Softshell is several types of two-layer material, each of which has a specific set of properties.

The main types of Softshell at the moment are membrane and membrane-free. Membrane is a construction of three layers: smooth stretch, membrane and fleece. In membrane-free ones there are only two layers - stretch and fleece. Membrane-free material is the most comfortable in windless and dry weather, and membrane softshells are further divided into subgroups based on the type of membrane used:

1. Moisture-proof membrane - highly wear-resistant compared to windbreakers. Clothing made from this type of softshell makes a person feel comfortable in windy weather. This type of fabric is absolutely not blown through, but, unfortunately, it also breathes with great difficulty;
2. Windproof membrane - ideal for protecting against wind, but at the same time allowing the body to breathe a little. This group includes fabrics made on the basis of pore and non-pore membranes;
3. Membrane with incomplete wind protection - this option provides breathability at the expense of wind and water resistance. But such fabric removes excess moisture from the body even at high humidity.

It is important to remember that the type of softshell you choose depends on your individual activity and physiology. If you are a fan of jogging in dry weather, then a membraneless softshell will do.

For tourists who conquer nature in the cold autumn, winter or early spring, they will need a membrane Softshell that will not get wet or blow out. It is also important to remember that the thermal insulation properties of the material depend on the thickness of the inner layer - the thicker the fleece, the warmer the clothing.

Tips for choosing lining fabric

When selecting lining material, consider the following factors:

• Seasonality of clothing . Products for summer wear use fabrics containing natural fibers. For the cold season, choose dense materials.
• Color . Choose a color in accordance with the shade of the main material from which the clothes are made. In this case, the lining should be darker to hide the details of the reverse side. Also, check the compatibility of the lining and main fabric when washing.
• Thickness _ The lining should be thinner than the main material and have a smooth surface that allows the inside of the garment to slide off when put on and taken off.
• Lining for pockets and sleeves . The fabrics for these elements of the product must be stronger than the main lining. But cheap options are also suitable.

To purchase lining fabrics, contact Vulkana. We offer a large selection of materials of varying densities and a variety of colors for coats, skirts, dresses, bags and many other products.

Main sole

This part of the shoe is responsible for grip on various surfaces and is the first level of shock absorption. A huge number of tread patterns allow the sole to be adapted not only to different types of surfaces, but also to different loads, as well as to the characteristics of certain sports.

For the production of soles today they use:

1) BRS 1000. This durable material is a synthetic rubber that interacts with carbon. Mainly used to make the base of running shoes.

2) Clean rubber. This is a combination of several types of rubber of natural and synthetic origin. The most popular material used for the production of soles for all types of sports shoes. Durability and excellent adhesion to any surface are its main advantages, in addition to its affordable price.

3) DRC rubber compound. Pure rubber mixed with additives is the most reliable type of rubber, which is not afraid of almost anything. This mixture is used in walking or tennis shoes.

4) Duralon. Another mixture of artificially created rubber, obtained by blowing. It wears out quickly, but it contains air pores that provide excellent shock absorption. This material is often used in the toe part of running shoes.

As you can see, today there are many materials from which you can create sneakers to suit any needs of both an athlete and an ordinary person who needs comfortable shoes. However, sports technologies surprise us with their new capabilities every year, so perhaps next year half of the listed materials will no longer be relevant, so keep an eye on sports news and stay informed about which materials are ideal for your purposes.

Lining design

It's not just what the lining of your jacket is made of that matters. Its design can be either traditional

, and
lightweight
.
In the first case, the lining details repeat the main details of the jacket - fronts, sides ,
back, sleeves.
This classic option is used for cases when the jacket is not required to be too light - for any time of year except summer. Although an unlined jacket is appropriate not only under the sun - if the office has strong heating, and you prefer to wear the whole suit without being left in just a shirt, then you should choose a thin fabric without lining. But even an unlined
jacket is a vague term. It is sewn in more than five different versions, let’s focus on a few.

Vamp materials and impact resistance

During walking, the vamp actively and repeatedly bends and stretches, which determines the need for its production only from high-quality materials. In addition, it is located in the part of the leg where a significant amount of sweat is produced. This influence negatively affects the quality characteristics of the part, making it hard and brittle.

In order to increase the wear resistance of an element, the practice of strengthening it is often used. As a rule, the parts that strengthen the vamp are made of textiles. Frequently used options for reinforcing the part are the interlining and the sidewall. These elements protect the product from stretching

Strengthening this important part has a positive effect on the performance characteristics of the product.

But the fact of strengthening this element in industrial shoes is especially important when it is necessary to protect workers from potential health hazards and minimize possible injuries if the worker drops something heavy on his foot

It is important that in work shoes the vamp is reinforced and impact-resistant

Therefore, such a part should be made only from high-quality impact-resistant wear-resistant material

In general, the qualities that materials must have to make such an important part as a vamp are softness, elasticity and stretchability, as well as strength

The most suitable materials for manufacturing are the following:

• genuine leather (thick and dense, for example: saddle cloth);
• high-quality leatherette;
• suede leather;
• nubuck;
• any other high-quality durable wear-resistant materials.

When buying shoes, it is important to know how they are made. This is relevant not only for work shoes, which are used in production, but also when purchasing products for personal wear.

Only having an idea of ​​the technology of its production is it possible to make the right choice and purchase a quality product that can be comfortable to wear and will serve you for many years.

Material properties

Shoes made from Gortex fabrics have a great advantage over other types of materials. It is produced through the use of a special coating, which is made from the membrane of the same name. All models are sealed, which is a mandatory process to achieve water resistance.

The membrane has the following properties:

• perfectly breathable;
• resistant to extreme temperatures;
• long-term moisture resistance;
• practicality;
• serves for a long time.

Innovative Gortex membrane structure

Shoes made from Gortex material are one of the most popular on the world market. Its success lies in the membrane, which consists of two components. The small particles of the membrane are made of improved polytetrafluoroethylene, which contains many small pores.

Compared to water, it is several tens of times smaller than a drop of water. However, the pores are hundreds of times larger than a vapor molecule. This prevents the penetration of moisture and ensures steam escape from the shoes.

This substance is able to repel oils and allow steam to pass through. Also protects against dirt and ethers. The properties of the membrane allow the shoes to “breathe” and provide reliable thermoregulation.

Special properties of the structure

The main components of Gortex are its multi-layering and sealing. The multilayer structure is achieved by a membrane located between two tissues. The fabrics are distinguished by their breathability.

Sealing is the most important part of any product. Sewn using a machine needle, holes are created in the shoes. Even if they are microscopic, moisture cannot be avoided getting inside the product. No fabric can withstand moisture if it has seams. In order to achieve complete sealing of the holes, improved GORE-SEAM and MicroGORE-SEAM technologies are used.

Top part

Let's start, perhaps, from the top. This part of the shoe is designed to protect the foot and also to keep it in place on the midsole. For this purpose, various combinations of materials of natural and artificial origin are used in the production of the upper part of shoes today.

As for materials, the most commonly used are:

1) Genuine leather. A very durable, elastic and breathable material that holds its shape perfectly and can stretch or, conversely, shrink, depending on the various conditions of its maintenance.

2) Synthetic leather. Compared to natural leather, the synthetic analogue has a stronger and lighter structure, and also does not have the ability to stretch or deform in any other way depending on external operating conditions.

3) Mesh materials. Very light materials of synthetic origin, made from nylon or polyester threads, guarantee not only the light weight of the shoes, but also excellent air exchange inside them.

Only three main materials were listed above, however, each manufacturer tries to surprise its consumer audience with its own technological developments, and produces more technologically and technically advanced fabrics or materials that allow achieving better results in sewing sports sneakers.

Let's study lining fabrics: types, descriptions

Lining fabric is an indispensable part when sewing most types of clothing and accessories. It complements the product and protects against moisture. Lining fabric varies. It depends on the purpose of the product and its base material.

Requirements for this material

Lining fabrics must meet the following requirements:

• correspond in quality and cost to the product itself;
• coincidence of the time of use with the main fabric of the product;
• should shrink in the same way as the main fabric;
• the same conditions for care, washing, drying, ironing of lining and main fabrics;
• hide seams and defects of external material from the inside;
• be smooth so as not to injure the skin or other things;
• absorption of sweat and moisture without access to the main fabric;
• do not lose color, do not wrinkle;
• high tensile and tensile strength, wear resistance;
• aesthetic appearance, it is especially important for expensive and transparent products.

The lining fabric must meet all these requirements. Its types should not be worse relative to each other, regardless of what they are made of. Read about: fabric for a skirt: which one is better to sew from and for what style.

Applies to different products, but not all. It's hard to imagine a holiday outfit or office suit without it. It is not needed for summer dresses, thin blouses, shorts and sports leggings. In this case, it will take up space and simply get in the way.

Varieties

All-natural fibers are rarely used to make linings. Synthetics are added, which increases strength and reduces cost depending on the amount of artificial fibers. Types of linings in clothes:

• silk;
• cotton;
• synthetic;
• mixed.

Many people do not know what lining fabric is called. Based on the purpose of use and the material used, the names are different. Depending on the product, different types are used.

Taffeta (taffeta)

Rigid matter, shiny and iridescent on the outside. The densest options have folds and hold their shape well. They are used for sewing wedding and evening dresses. Lightweight options are used for the inside of thin skirts and dresses.

Taffeta is made from synthetics, silk, and cotton. It is soft, reliable, lightweight, and does not collect static electricity. Repels moisture, keeps its shape, elastic. Used to make curtains, petticoats and linings for skirts and dresses. The disadvantages of taffeta include shedding of raw fibers and shrinkage after washing.

Quilted fabric

With the help of modern machines you can combine 4 types of fabric. Quilted lining is used for bags, shoes, pillows, bedspreads, jackets and outerwear. The fabric is sewn according to the pattern: rhombus, square, rectangle. Sometimes floral or abstract designs are used.

Lightweight fabric, often filled with insulation, which is held back by stitching. It can be local, figured or interval. Typically, smooth polyester is used for quilting fabric. The fabric glides without clinging to other clothes.

Net

It differs from other materials in the large distance between the threads. Cell sizes vary. The warp and weft fibers are twisted so that the cells do not change size arbitrarily. Lycra, polyester, and viscose are used for production.

The mesh is rigid, but light and airy. Natural fibers are added to the lining to add softness. Tulle, guipure and tulle belong to this type. The mesh is easy to care for.

Retains heat, allows air to pass through, and keeps the shape of the main product. Used for the reverse side of tracksuits, ballroom and wedding dresses. Suitable for creating stage attire, beach and summer wear.

Viscose

The material is made from cellulose. An alkaline solution is made from wood fibers, it is sent into molds and threads are produced. The material glides gently, absorbs water better than cotton, and does not attract static electricity. It's easy to paint. Not allergic, inexpensive. Read about: fabrics for curtains: which ones to choose, examples with photos and names.

Viscose lining fabric often contains cotton or polyester to provide other beneficial properties. Everyday clothes, curtains and tracksuits - here viscose is used as a lining.

Silk

Lining silk is used for sewing expensive fur coats, coats, dresses, jackets, men's suits, gloves, and bags. Silk chiffon is difficult to process and is used by experienced seamstresses. Used for lining thin summer dresses and skirts. It is thin, light and translucent.

Silk satin is used to create premium clothing. It has a glossy shine and glides on easily and softly. Keeps its shape, durable, abrasion resistant. Does not electrify, hygienic, dense, pleasant-looking material. Absorbs liquid, but also absorbs dirt well.

Flannel

Soft, slightly loose and comfortable fabric. Retains heat, keeps you warm, allows air and moisture to pass through. Does not cause allergies. Gives a feeling of comfort. Flannel is made from viscose, synthetics, and cotton.

Used as a warm layer for robes, shirts, trousers and jackets. They make it for everyday children's clothing, warm walking envelopes, and strollers.

Felpa for shoes

Felpa lining material - what is it: knitwear with a lined weave on the reverse side. Description of Felpa characteristics:

• soft and heat resistant;
• maintains the size of the product when stretched;
• tight fastening of the threads to each other;
• wear-resistant;
• thicker than other types of knitwear.

This material is used for the inside of shoes by expensive brands. It is combined with genuine leather. These shoes are high quality and cost accordingly.

For dress

The lining fabric for a dress should be light, hygienic, and thin. The skin in such clothes should breathe and give off moisture.

What materials are used:

• atlas;
• chiffon;
• satin;
• silk;
• thin cotton.

The lining under the dress protects the main fabric, makes the item more voluminous and hides the seams from the inside. It makes the appearance more aesthetically pleasing.

The lining is an important element, without which the product will not seem complete. It makes the thing better and more durable. It is used for various types of clothing and accessories.

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What kind of material is nubuck and how does it differ from suede?

Nubuck, like suede, is obtained from the hides of cattle. But if the full-grain side of the skin is used for nubuck, then its lower part is processed for suede. Both are sanded and tanned, but nubuck with mineral salts, and suede with vegetable or animal fats. It is due to special processing that nubuck is stronger, more reliable and more expensive than suede.

A pair of this material will faithfully serve its owner for years under one condition - wearing it in dry weather: nubuck instantly gets wet, takes a long time to dry, and after drying it becomes unsightly deformed. Even professional impregnations do not always save.

Buying Tips

This Italian fabric is not a cheap pleasure, so you need to be very careful when purchasing this truly luxurious item.

Here are some tips for those who do not have enough experience and skill in this area:

1. Don’t be seduced by the tempting offers of Chinese online stores that tempt you with ultra-low price tags. In some cases, the difference in price can reach an order of magnitude, but do not forget that the stingy pays twice, and the stupid pays three times. Real felpa from Bologna costs about 1,500 rubles/meter
   . Good clothes made from it are valued at several tens of thousands of rubles. Branded leather boots – and even more.
2. When purchasing, you need to study the shoe lining material. First of all, you need to pay attention to the density of the fabric (it should reach about 300g/sq.m). There should be no abrasions, puffs, pilling, or protruding threads. It should feel soft to the touch, like velvet.
3. Pay attention to the seams
4. If you are buying boots during the warm season, you should take with you thick woolen socks to wear in winter. Otherwise, the shoes will not be suitable for Russian winter and autumn.

Typically, sports and near-sportswear are made from this material: T-shirts, sweatshirts, pullovers, T-shirts, sweaters. However, few people know that felpa is often used in shoes. What it is? The answer can be given as follows: quality, comfort and beauty. After all, Italians don’t know how to do anything differently.

Low profile

This is the case when the player wants to feel the playing field as much as possible. Typically, a low profile sole is used in the fastest and lightest models designed for attacking players. However, such a sole is suitable for young players with perfectly healthy feet, since the lack of a shock-absorbing layer reduces impact protection to zero. Of course, even healthy futsal players at a serious level cannot play in such futsal shoes forever, since over time problems with the legs will still arise and, purely for preventive or medical purposes, it would be advisable to switch to a higher profile.

Examples of low profile soccer shoes:

1. Adidas Nemeziz 18.3
2. Nike MercurialX Victory VI
3. Puma Future 2.4

§ 1. Sole

The sole (Fig. 74 and 74a) protects the foot from damage due to uneven soil, from cooling or overheating, and from moisture penetrating into the shoe. The sole is exposed to a wide variety of influences during the wearing of shoes. It takes the pressure of the human body, is subject to deformation during human movement, and wears out as a result of repeated bending and abrasion on the soil.

If we assume that a person walks an average of 5 km a day, it turns out that the sole comes into contact with the soil, compresses and bends about 5000 times during this time. It is clear that its wear and tear can be very significant. The material from which the sole is made must be such that it can withstand a large number of bends without cracking, breaking or flattening. At the same time, it should not significantly abrade on the soil.

The beam and toe parts, which are in direct contact with the soil, are subject to the greatest impact, so they must have the greatest strength and thickness and be cut from the best places in the skin.

The unequal wear of different parts of the sole should always be taken into account when cutting out the sole. In those places where the sole wears out less (heel and heel parts), you can allow some defects when cutting and cut them out from parts of the leather that have a slightly smaller thickness (but not more than 0.5 mm) and lower density.

In places where the sole wears out more, the presence of any defects that reduce its strength is not allowed, and in places that are subject to little wear, some defects are allowed, as will be discussed below.

The thickness of the welted leather sole should be at least 4 mm for men's shoes, 3.75 mm for boys' shoes, 3.5 mm for women's and undersized shoes, and 3.25 mm for children's shoes.

The thickness of the sole is made of porous rubber 6 mm, of lightweight rubber 8 mm.

§ 6. Rant

The welt is a very important part of welted shoes. It consists of a strip of red oak leather attached to the insole along with a billet tightening edge. The sole, in turn, is attached to the welt. The welt, together with the sole and insole, experiences repeated bending. two seams run along the surface of the welt at a very close distance from one another (approximately 2-4 mm): with one seam the welt is attached to the insole, with the other the sole is attached to it, so the welt must have high tensile strength. It is cut out from dense, durable, soft sections of welted insole leather (GOST 1010 - 41) or from special welted leather.

The welt must have uniform ductility along its length and should not be fragrant, otherwise finishing it will be impossible.

The welt with a closed seam is made 16 mm wide, and with an open seam it is 12 mm wide.

Welt thickness for men's shoes is 2 mm, for women's shoes 1.8 mm.

Three types of soles

Today, there are three types of sole profiles:

1. Short
2. Average
3. High

As you may have guessed, the type of profile is essentially the height of the sole, which determines how many layers it will have, what quality of cushioning it will have, and what level of comfort it can provide to the player.

The presence of a shock-absorbing layer affects:

• tired legs;
• proper blood circulation;
• deformation of the foot bones;
• degenerative joint diseases of the knees, ankles and hips;
• the appearance of discomfort in the back and knees.

That is, you must understand that the higher the profile, the better the shock absorption will be used there, which can help effectively reduce shock loads on the body. Let's look at each type of sole separately.

How to choose fabric for lining

It all depends on what purpose you are buying the lining for and what quality the item will look like. If this is presentation clothing or an evening dress, then cheap types of lining will simplify the item. Therefore, in such cases, it is better not to skimp and make decent clothes using satin, satin or velvet.

Important! If lining fabric is chosen for a coat, it is better that it provides warmth and glides well, like quilted fabric or rayon lining.

If a summer item requires lining, then you should pay attention to chiffon, mesh or satin. There are many options for using lining fabric, so there is plenty to choose from.

Midsole

This part of the shoe is its most important component, since it is it that guarantees the stability of the foot, as well as the absorption of all shocks and loads. The following materials are most often used in the production of this sole today:. 1) Philo

Lightweight foam with excellent shock-absorbing properties. Made from EVA granules, which allows you to give the sole any shape

1) Philo. Lightweight foam with excellent shock-absorbing properties. It is made from EVA granules, which allows you to give the sole any shape.

2) Polyurethane. Perhaps the densest and hardest material, which is highly durable. Today, it has become less and less used for the production of not only the midsole, but even its main part.

3) Filayt. A mixture of phylon and rubber is something average in weight between both of these materials. It is more often used to make an intermediate layer of the sole along with the outsole, which increases the elasticity of sneakers and reduces their weight.

4) EVA. The cheapest foam material, characterized by extreme lightness and flexibility. It is most often used in entry-level sneakers, since the air inside the foam is squeezed out over time by the weight of a person, and the sole can no longer return to its original shape after deformation.

5) Nike Epic React. Read more about this technology here.

Sports style in casual shoes

• Women's dutiques meet all the parameters required for winter footwear. They allow air to pass through easily, are warm and light. The upper layer of the shoe includes leather, which is combined with textiles. Inside there is a membrane that has an innovative impregnation, and woolen structures or polyester are used as lining.
• Boots made using Gore-Tex most often have a sporty style. At first glance, these shoes resemble insulated sneakers. The membrane is completed with high-quality upper materials and, in combination with leather, provides maximum warmth for the feet. The rubberized toe provides reliable protection from unwanted damage.

The use of innovative Gore-Tex technology gives reliability to any shoes and clothing. It consists of waterproofness and complete “ventilation” of the feet. Thanks to these properties, the shoes will last much longer than usual. The two-layer membrane will not allow dirt and other foreign objects to penetrate, which gives comfort in motion, no matter where you are.

Vorsin - what kind of material is it for shoes: definition of vorsin - fabric for shoes.

844 Article author: Reading time: 0 min.

Many people, when purchasing shoes, first of all pay attention to the appearance of the model, the upper material and fittings. In this case, the lining is examined, as a rule, quite superficially, or not examined at all. But the service life of the purchased pair of shoes depends on the lining material. And the sensations after a whole day spent on your feet are largely determined by this detail, which is not particularly significant at first glance. When choosing a suitable option for demi-season shoes from the variety of models offered by the modern footwear industry, it is advisable to take into account all the necessary nuances and opt for a pair that, in addition to an attractive appearance, can provide the necessary level of warmth, comfort, and at the same time will not cause damage to health .

Definition of lint - shoe fabric

Reference! One of the best lining options for models intended for spring (autumn) is considered to be lint lining material, or as it is also called - needle-punched yarn.

Vorsin is used as a decorative finish for the inside of products. This material is used as a lining for casual, dress, work and special shoes.

Properties of lint

This material has many useful properties. The main advantages of such non-woven pile fabric include:

• wear resistance;
• good thermal insulation properties;
• hypoallergenic;
• long period of operation;
• resistance to moisture.

Reference! In addition to all the above properties, a lining of this type provides complete ventilation.

Where is lint used?

This type of lining is used in men's, women's and children's demi-season footwear, including rubber boots. In products with a lint lining, your feet will be reliably insulated.

Important! Such boots are considered an excellent choice for the off-season, when temperatures range from 0 to 10 degrees.

Modern manufacturers offer a wide variety of insulating materials for finishing the inside of shoes. The main tasks that high-quality lining materials must solve are providing maximum warmth, comfort and coziness to a person when wearing such products. Vorsin is very popular among manufacturers and is considered one of the most functional and convenient options for demi-season models.

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