Technical textiles: types of finishes, protection, characteristics

What are technical fabrics? I would say that the fabrics are used for a special purpose. For example, fabrics used in various industries for filtering. You probably won't use most technical fabrics.

at home every day (at least most of them). But some fabrics that are classified as technical are still used in everyday life, for example, medical gauze is used as in honey. institutions, for dressing purposes, in factories as a cleaning material, and at home.

There are also fabrics that have several varieties, some of which are widely used in everyday life, and others for highly specialized purposes - for example, percale, which serves as a good material for high-quality bed linen, while at the same time, desized percale is used for technical purposes in production and is harmful Will it be used to make bed linen?

Features of fabrics for workwear

• High strength. The protective properties of fabrics for workwear depend on their tensile strength and abrasion resistance. High-quality durable material should not stretch during active wear or after washing.
• Additional protection from negative factors. For the manufacture of heat-resistant, moisture-proof, chemical-resistant workwear, materials with appropriate characteristics are required. Fabrics with special protective properties are in demand in the chemical industry, agriculture and other industries.
• Practicality. The materials do not lose their appearance and performance characteristics after washing, are easy to clean, do not fade, and dry quickly.
• Hygiene and convenience. Work clothes should be comfortable, so preference is given to breathable materials that do not chafe the skin.
• Safety. You often have to work in workwear all day, so it is made from hypoallergenic materials.

Technical textile finishing: what gives it extra durability

• Repellent/guide

Basically, fluorochemicals are applied by padding or coating to textiles to provide water pressure resistance, water repellency, oil repellency, and stain resistance. The Ciba(r)OLEOPHOBOL or Ciba(r)PHOBOTEX product range provides long-lasting effects.

• Non-flammability

The organic phosphorus compound is usually applied using the plus method. Ciba(r)PYROVATEX CP offers long-lasting effects especially required for work. Ciba(r)PYROVATIMPBS provides the semi-durable effects required by the automotive and aviation industries.

• Waterproof

Paraffin wax based products provide excellent waterproof properties for a range of textile fibers such as cotton, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile fiber and wool. Ciba(r) HYDROPHOBOL ZAN or APK gives good water repellent effects and high resistance to water pressure.

• Rot/mold resistance

Emulsion, free of metal salts, consisting of fatty acid esters of dihydroxydichlorodiphenylmethane and a benzimidazole derivative. Ciba(r)FUNGITEX ROP can be used for anti-fungal finishing on cotton, linen, polyester/cotton fabric for tents, tarps and backpacks.

• Antistatic

The modified organic phosphorus compound is extremely effective in preventing the build-up of static electricity. Ciba(r)ZEROSTAT(r)AT is an extremely effective antistatic agent for treating synthetic fibers and their blends to overcome electrostatic problems in fabric use.

• Thermal insulation

Aluminum foil coated under high vacuum: the foil is bonded under high vacuum so that the bond between the surface of the fabric and the foil is guaranteed at almost any point; for technical applications (mainly in use with Kevlar or preox p-aramid) for thermal radiation. Also used for the outer parts of Kevlar suits and clothing (smelting furnaces and blast furnaces).

• Weather protection

Membranes covered by protective clothing (eg firemen's) ensure that no water can penetrate the clothing from the outside to the inside; at the same time, the membrane has good porosity, that is, steam (body sweat) can penetrate through the membrane to the outside.

Read about: flocking and flocking: understanding the process.

• Slip resistance

A water-based coating using acrylic and polyurethane compounds is used to adhere the yarn to prevent slipping. Ciba(r)DICRYLAN AHS gives good adhesion to almost all substrates, especially polyester and polyamide.

• Resistance to alteration/abrasion

It is applied by adding silicone or polyurethane compounds to fabric to achieve a soft, elastic and smooth surface. The Ciba(r) ULTRATEX(r) and DICRYLAN(r) ranges offer a wide range of wear and abrasion resistance.

• Dimensional stability

The application of resins to cellulose offers these fabrics good dimensional stability. Control and shape retention of protective clothing is maintained even after several washes using Ciba(r)KNITTEX resins.

Textile waste recycling

At various stages of the production of textile products and after their use, waste is generated (tangled remains of fibers and yarns, scraps and trimmings of fabrics, discards, waste wiping and packaging materials, used workwear).

Clean household waste is a valuable secondary raw material and is used for further processing. Waste materials for technical purposes are thoroughly cleaned of foreign objects (for example, metal shavings) and can also be used as recyclable materials.

Heavily contaminated waste used for technological purposes (filtration, grinding, polishing) cannot be reused and must be destroyed.

Recycled textile waste is often cheaper than natural resources and reduces the need for imported fiber. Therefore, their use in the national economy becomes expedient.

You are planning a shower renovation and don’t know how to remove a cast iron bathtub

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If you have a lot of construction waste, then you need to order a truck to remove it. You will find out which companies specialize in this in the article.

Natural materials

Cotton fabrics are the most widely used. They breathe well, so wearing things made from them is comfortable. In addition, cotton dries quickly in hot weather and keeps you warm in cool weather. For some types of work clothes, linen and wool are also used.

Here are some of the most popular types of natural fabrics:

• Calico. For workwear, material with a density of 145 g/m2 is used - wear-resistant, durable, but quite light. Calico is often used to sew things for doctors, cooks, and service personnel.
• Twill. Cotton-based fabric, which differs from calico in structure. The twill weave of the threads provides high density and gives a smooth matte surface of the finished material.
• Tarpaulin. Very dense fabric with fire-resistant impregnation, suitable for sewing welding suits and durable work gloves.
• Cloth. Warm wool material that protects from both low and high temperatures.
• Moleskin. A good choice for cases where inexpensive lightweight fabrics with special protective properties are needed. Moleskine has a dense, stain-resistant cotton base. Treatment with fire retardants makes it resistant to high temperatures and the ingress of hot particles. Therefore, clothes for welders are often made from moleskine.

Synthetics

Synthetic materials are made from artificial fibers. The raw materials for them are petroleum products, cellulose and other substances. There are several general characteristics of synthetic-based fabrics:

• light weight;
• simple washing;
• quick drying;
• shape stability;
• slight hygroscopicity;
• ability to accumulate static electricity.

One of the most popular synthetic materials is Oxford. This is a fabric made of polyester or nylon with an additional water-repellent coating. Oxford is well suited for work, travel, and camouflage clothing.

Fleece is often used for warm clothes. This is a soft, lightweight and comfortable insulation. Unlike many other artificial fabrics, it is highly breathable.

Membrane fabrics are often used for winter work clothes. They do not get wet from the outside, but allow moisture to pass through from the inside. Therefore, things made from them simultaneously protect from rain and do not create a “greenhouse” effect.

Where are technical fabrics used?

Technical fabrics are very often used during construction, repair and other “dirty” work. Here is everything you need for repairs and construction, as well as for the successful completion of the entire work process. In construction and renovation work, the use of fabrics can allow you to remove all dust, dirt and waste in a short time and clean the room, which can soon be put into operation.

In addition, technical textile fabrics are used in the agricultural industry. For example, they can be used to make temporary structures designed to store agricultural machinery. Such materials allow you to maintain the optimal temperature for storage and prevent moisture or wind from penetrating inside.

Technical fabrics are widely used in the army - tents, rescue ladders, temporary hospitals, and boats are made from them. Textiles are often used in automotive service and production. For example, from textile fabric for technical purposes you can easily construct awnings and curtains needed in car washes.

Mixed fabrics

This category includes materials that contain natural and artificial fibers. The technical characteristics of mixed fabrics combine the properties of cotton and synthetics. They allow air to pass through well, hold their shape for a long time, are not prone to shrinkage, and wash well. The following types of mixed materials are popular:

• Greta. The outer surface of Greta consists of polyester fibers, the inner surface is made of cotton. This gives a good combination of comfort and durability.
• TC and Sattori. Similar in characteristics to fabrics containing 65% polyester and 35% cotton fibers. Both options are hygienic, breathable, and retain their shape for a long time.
• Rip stop. Mixed material reinforced with reinforced threads. Rip stop has improved protective characteristics. If you tear or cut it, the damage does not spread across the canvas.

This is interesting: Satin weave fabric: main characteristics and overview of the range

Fabrics used for the manufacture of traction frames for conveyor belts. Is the choice obvious?

As is known, the traction frame of a multi-padded rubber-fabric conveyor belt is a core consisting of several layers of technical fabric coated with a rubber mixture. The consumer often does not think about the choice of core fabric and orders a tape similar to the one already used.

Is this true? Let's figure it out!

The use of a certain brand of technical fabric affects such parameters of the conveyor belt as: weight, tensile strength, relative elongation, longitudinal and transverse stiffness, heat resistance, impact capacity, etc. Not only the composition of the threads is important, but also their manufacturing location: along the warp and weft of the fabric.

The thread material is indicated in the fabric labeling. Domestic manufacturers have adopted the following markings:

• TK – nylon fabric,
• TA – anid fabric,
• TL – lavsan fabric,
• TLK – lavsan-nylon fabric,
• BCNL – belting from combined threads with lavsan.

The composition of imported fabrics is indicated by the letters: P - polyamide, E - polyester, D - aramid, B - cotton. Nowadays, technical threads from which fabric for conveyor belts is made are mainly represented by three synthetic groups: polyamide, polyester and aramid. In this case, the fabric can consist of fibers of the same group or different ones. For example, TLC fabrics (from domestic manufacturers) and EP (from imported manufacturers) are synthetic, polyester-polyamide, and BKNL fabric is combined, consisting of polyester and cotton threads for warp and weft. The thread can be single or double.

Full fabric marking contains the designation of the fiber type for the warp and weft, as well as an indication of the nominal strength of the fabric for the warp. Thus, the most common core fabric of multi-layer conveyor belts TK-200-2 is a synthetic fabric with a nylon warp and weft and a nominal traction pad strength of 200 N/mm. Imported EP-200 fabric is a synthetic fabric with a polyester warp and a polyamide weft, with a similar rated tensile strength of 200 N/mm. BKNL-65-2 is a fundamentally different combined fabric with a polyester warp, cotton weft and a nominal tensile strength of at least 55 N/mm.

Thus, all technical fabrics used for the manufacture of conveyor belts have characteristic properties that determine their purpose and manufacturability. To determine the characteristics of a fabric, it is necessary to know the physical and mechanical properties of the group from which the fiber is made.

All synthetic fibers have high strength, low elongation under working load, elasticity, rapid recovery and small residual deformations after removal of the load, resistance to repeated and alternating loads. And most importantly, the properties of synthetic fiber and the technical fabric obtained from it can be set in advance by influencing them in the processes of molding, drawing, finishing and heat treatment, as well as by modifying both the feedstock (polymer) and the fiber itself.

Polyester fiber

has high impact strength (4 times higher than that of polyamide), but worse resistance to abrasion and resistance to repeated bending compared to polyamide (4-5 times lower). Polyester threads provide rapid recovery of shape under conditions of rapid shock loads. They are thermoplastic, so fabrics made from polyester fibers have higher operating temperatures and are more resistant to heat compared to polyamide ones.

Figure No. 1.
Technical fabric TK-300. Nominal strength on base 300 N/mm; thickness 1.1 mm As we see, the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of polyester and polyamide fibers are often opposite, so they can be combined to obtain the desired properties of the finished product. For example, EP and TLC fabrics are polyester-polyamide, that is, different threads are used in the warp and weft of the fabric. Since the modulus of elasticity and bending rigidity of polyester fiber is higher than that of polyamide, and elongation under load and impact strength are lower, when weaving fabric, polyester threads are located along the warp, and polyamide threads are located along the weft. This arrangement of fibers ensures better groove formation, less time involved in movement when starting the conveyor and less perception by the conveyor belt of stresses arising along the contour. In this case, the elastic modulus of the belt is artificially limited, since with an increase in the elastic modulus, the wave resistance of the belt and the dynamic component that arises during transient operating conditions of the conveyor increase. Conveyor belts based on EP and TLC fabrics have low elongation and deformation under operating loads and high impact resistance and longitudinal tear resistance.

The combined fabric BCNL consists of lavsan wrapped in belting - a harsh cotton fabric of a garniture weave. Such disadvantages of cotton fabric as low impact resistance and chemical resistance with simultaneous high moisture absorption significantly limit it? application as a core element of a conveyor belt.

The tensile strength of one fabric gasket compared to synthetic fabrics is several times lower - only 55 N/mm, therefore such fabric is not of technical interest and recently the number of conveyor belts on e? basis is reduced.

Figure No. 2. Technical fabric BKNL-65-2. Nominal strength on base 55 N/mm; thickness 1.2 mm

At the same time, consumer interest in conveyor belts with a core made of aramid fabrics, whose strength characteristics are comparable to steel cable, is growing. For the first time, aramid fibers appeared on the market under the brand name Kevlar (marking D), and for many years, mono-spacer rubber-fabric conveyor belts with aramid fiber in the core fabric were offered only by foreign manufacturers as an analogue to rubber cables. Today, GSK Red Triangle is the only domestic manufacturer producing mono-spacer conveyor belts based on DPP fabric.

Mono-pad conveyor belts with a frame made of aramid fiber have a number of undeniable advantages over both rubber cable and multi-pad rubber-fabric belts. For example, aramid fiber is much lighter than steel cable, which means that the finished product based on it has significantly less weight with the same nominal strength. Aramid fiber is characterized by high performance characteristics: low elongation, increased rigidity, resistance to elevated temperatures, high mechanical properties, especially in the direction of the fiber axis, maintaining stability when exposed to various factors (chemical reagents, heat, radiation), as well as maximum strength indicators and modulus of elasticity among synthetic fibers.

In addition, aramid fibers have excellent thermal resistance and are non-fusible. Their smoldering temperature is 385-400 ℃, the beginning of decomposition is 420-450 ℃, and the beginning of ignition is 580-605 ℃. Therefore, the use of such fabric for the manufacture of conveyor belts is the technically optimal option, ensuring the best performance characteristics of the finished product.

Figure No. 3. Technical fabric DPP-2000. Nominal strength on base 2000 N/mm; thickness 3.3 mm

Thus, we can conclude that the use of a particular fabric in the core of the conveyor belt largely determines its efficiency. physical and mechanical properties, which means the choice of fabric is worth thinking about. Currently, the range of fabrics is very wide, and the fabric brands familiar to ribbon consumers do not always meet the requirements of modern high-tech production. New developments can significantly increase the useful life of conveyor belts and improve their special properties that are important for the consumer.

RubberLab https://krastr.ru/rubber-lab

Types of technical textile materials

The scope of application of technical fabrics is vast and varied, but most often they include:

• filter fabrics,
• cleaning materials,
• fillers,
• thermal insulation materials,
• base for tarpaulin materials, oilcloth, rubber products, leatherette, etc.

offers a wide range of technical textile materials directly from the manufacturer: nylon and polyester fabrics, PVC, batting, rags, calico, etc.

Composition of technical fabrics

The composition, depending on the purpose, can be completely different. There are fabrics made from 100% cotton, 100% synthetics or mixed fabrics (a mixture of different materials) in different ratios. It may also contain linen, jute (fabrics such as tarpaulin and burlap).

The choice of technical fabric of course depends primarily on what you need.
For example, the choice of the same filter fabrics is huge and it all depends on what you will filter, at what speed, force and other parameters. Share this article:

The impact of textile production on the natural environment and humans

Textile products deemed unusable after household use, as well as waste from textile production, disposed of in a landfill along with other garbage, pollute our living space with toxic substances.
Using waste as secondary raw materials for the manufacture of new goods will save natural resources and material costs that would be spent on their disposal. Since its inception, the textile industry has been considered hazardous to human health and the environment.

Production processes associated with the direct production of fabric are accompanied by the use and release of a mass of harmful substances. Deviation from permissible standards for the release of toxins into the atmosphere and wastewater can become dangerous.

• Ventilation emissions from factory floors contain solvent vapors, formaldehyde, hydrogen and carbon sulfide, and heavy metal compounds. Textile production is one of the main causes of soil contamination with heavy metals.
• Contamination of wastewater with dyes and chemicals involved in textile processing technology results in a serious environmental problem.
• When washing the printed fabric, sieves and drums, more than 2/3 of the total amount of concentrates used is drained.

Established limits on the content of pollutants in emissions sometimes do not give positive results. Existing treatment systems are gradually wearing out, and there is not enough money to purchase new expensive equipment. The solution to the problem can be found in the use of materials that emit a minimum amount of harmful elements.

The work environment directly affects workers in textile factories. Statistics have shown that the number of cases of occupational diseases is growing. There is a danger of accidents in the workplace:

• an increased concentration of chlorine causes irritation and swelling of the lungs, and can even cause a burn to the respiratory tract;
• vapors of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids corrode body tissues and have a toxic and carcinogenic effect on humans;
• caustic alkalis damage the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus and stomach;
• sulfur compounds, small particles of which pollute the air, cause coughing, runny nose, sore throat, headaches, nausea and diarrhea;
• carbon disulfide acts on the nervous system and can cause mental disorders;
• benzene, entering the circulatory system, provokes the development of acute and chronic toxic poisoning;
• solvents can lead to drug poisoning and cause inflammation of the respiratory and digestive organs;
• phosphorus disrupts the body's metabolic processes and the functioning of the liver and kidneys;
• formaldehyde is an enemy of the central nervous system, reproductive organs and genetic material.

Along with the harmful effects of textile production on factory workers and the environment, there are problems with the use of textile products. Dyed fabrics contain residues of formaldehyde and heavy metal compounds, small amounts of which are sufficient to cause skin irritation and allergies.

Formaldehyde and solvent residues in carpets and fabrics used for upholstery and curtains evaporate gradually and can cause poisoning symptoms in indoor, air-conditioned spaces.

Government authorities must strictly monitor the safety of technological processes, the level of pollution and toxicity of raw materials for the manufacture of products, permissible standards for production emissions into the environment, and the quality of finished textile products. The combination of such measures will have a positive impact on the health of workers and consumers and on improving the environment.

Watch the video on how to finish a base with stone

In the old days, the outside of the foundation was finished with plaster. Nowadays the method is used less and less due to the short preservation of the original appearance. Exposure to moisture and temperature changes are the main reasons for the delamination of the plaster layer; it only lasts for 3-5 years.

Periodically, the surface should be restored, repairing exfoliated fragments. Another thing is modern technologies and materials, which make it possible to carry out finishing work much less frequently. The properties of natural stones provide reliable protection for the foundation, extending its service life.

Advantages of facing the base with stone

• excellent performance characteristics;

• provides reliable protection from external factors;

• high resistance to temperature fluctuations, frost resistance;

• stone protects from moisture and fire;

• easy care;

• presentable appearance;

• durability.

The market for facing materials is presented in a wide range, which is divided into natural minerals and artificial stones. Both options deserve attention, but natural raw materials must have frost-resistant properties and strength, which are sufficiently available in the artificial analogue. There will be no problems with the selection of tonality and texture. You can find examples of marble, slate, granite and other rocks.

Disadvantages of facing the base with stone

Artificial stones have the appropriate technical characteristics for finishing the foundation, but products from the cheap segment do not have sufficient strength. Yes, some difficulties may arise during installation. Therefore, it is worth choosing high-quality cladding that fully meets the functional requirements.

If the choice fell on a natural mineral, then you should be prepared for difficulties during installation. In addition, most likely, you will have to carefully prepare the surface beforehand.

The main mistakes made when purchasing a stone. Incomplete knowledge causes the choice of a fragile material, endowed with hygroscopicity and low density. These factors provoke premature destruction of the structure, and as a result, replacement of the cladding.

Types of natural stones

• Granite is the most common option for finishing the base among other rocks. The material is produced in the form of tiles with a thickness of 1 cm or in stone blocks of different tones. The cut is distinguished by an original pattern, which gives the structure high cost and sophistication.

• Sandstone is also popular in finishing work. The color range is limited to one tone, in contrast to the sizes, which are presented in a wide range. The structure of the stone is not strong enough, so it is used mainly as cladding.

• Shell rock has a more durable structure, but is porous, and therefore requires additional treatment with a protective solution. The size of the stone is always large, and the color is presented in different shades, close to yellow.

• Flagstone, known to many as wild stone, has also found application in the cladding of the basement. Available in different sizes and colors (from dark to light). The surface of the wild rock has veins that add antiquity and mystery to the design of the base.

Stages of plinth cladding with natural stone

The foundation above the ground is most often built from fire-resistant red brick, which is characterized by high strength. It can easily withstand heavy loads. If other materials were used to form the base, the structure will need to be pre-strengthened.

The working surface must be smooth and intact (without gaps or cracks). In this case, additional leveling with concrete mortar will not be necessary. When performing concreting, reinforcing mesh should be laid.

The stone is secured to the base surface using a concrete solution. It is irrational to use adhesive mixtures. Concrete is distributed over the work area, covering small areas to secure several elements at once. The solution is not applied to the back side of the rock.

To adjust the dimensions of the material, it is recommended to use a tile cutter or diamond wheels. Cutting work should be carried out wearing safety glasses to prevent eye injury.

The concrete mixture has a grayish tint that will be visible through the seams. If the tone does not match the main color of the stone, it is recommended to add pigment to the solution.

Direction "Technical textiles"

General Director of Nonwoven Material Plants Termopol LLC, owner of the Holofiber brand, member of the Board of the RSPTLP Soyuzlegprom VIKTOR GONTAR made a number of proposals to the Concept for the Development of Light Industry of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Concept). These initiatives provide the domestic light industry with the opportunity to “quickly respond” to changes in the market and consumer behavior, as well as to identify priority infrastructure projects with mandatory direct or indirect government participation, and change marketing and design emphasis on production and technological ones.

At the same time, the Concept should provide for a program for the technical re-equipment of textile and clothing units in the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation, additional programs for supporting textile and light industry enterprises in the development of innovative military products (primarily using technical textile technologies), a system for the active development of environmental and poly-recycling areas in textile and light industry.

The General Director of Termopol LLC calls for an emphasis on modern scientific materials science and to intensify the implementation of innovative developments of an applied nature. The holding believes that it is very important to include in the concept projects of a social orientation and broad employment of the population in the projects of the domestic Light Industry.

V. GONTAR proposes to work on and pay special attention to the virtually liquidated direction “Production of means of production”. This direction provides for the development of mechanical engineering and machine tool manufacturing for the needs of the light industry, which is organically included in all sectors and sub-sectors of industry in the Russian Federation. It is also necessary to provide for a mechanism for complete import substitution not only in government procurement projects, but also in all large systemically important companies, including developing measures to protect the domestic market from the supply of alternative products from foreign markets. For example, limit the supply of alternative products produced in the Republic of Belarus, including those under government orders of the Russian Federation.

It is also proposed, taking into account the international classification, to allocate the position “Technical textiles” in a separate direction, including sections providing for mandatory inter-industry interaction in related areas, certainly focusing on new materials, technologies and methods of application of emerging effective innovations in the field of technical textiles and non-woven materials .

Based on materials